Every EU tender applies two fundamentally different tests, and mixing them up is the most common strategic mistake in bidding. Selection criteria ask: is this company capable of delivering? Award criteria ask: which offer is best? You must pass the first; you win on the second.
Understanding the split - and the scoring formulas behind it - turns bid writing from essay writing into engineering.
Step zero: exclusion grounds
Before any scoring, bidders must be eligible: no disqualifying convictions, taxes and social contributions paid, no serious professional misconduct. These are pass/fail declarations made through the ESPD, with a "self-cleaning" mechanism for companies that have fixed past problems.
Selection criteria: the capability gate
Selection looks at your company, not your offer. The directives allow exactly three families:
- Suitability to pursue the activity - trade-register enrolment, licences.
- Economic and financial standing - minimum yearly turnover (capped at twice the estimated contract value except in justified cases), professional indemnity insurance, financial ratios.
- Technical and professional ability - references from comparable contracts (typically the last 3 years for supplies/services, 5 for works), qualifications of key staff, equipment, quality-management certificates.
Three practical rules:
- Selection is pass/fail at bid stage. Exceeding a minimum earns nothing (except in restricted procedures, where capability can be scored to shortlist). Don't spend pages proving you are very solvent.
- You can borrow capacity. Relying on a parent company or a partner for turnover or references is a right, with the proper commitment paperwork.
- Buyer experience ≠ offer quality. Buyers may not re-use selection-type factors (like general company experience) as award criteria - with one legitimate exception: the quality of the specific staff assigned, where it significantly affects performance (consultancy, design, legal services). That is why CVs are often scored while corporate history is not.
Award criteria: how the winner is chosen
EU law requires award to the most economically advantageous tender (MEAT), which in practice takes one of three shapes:
- Price only. Cheapest compliant bid wins. Common for commodities.
- Cost only - life-cycle cost: purchase price plus energy, maintenance, end-of-life. Growing in vehicles, IT hardware, buildings.
- Best price-quality ratio. The general case: price weighted against quality criteria - methodology, staff, delivery time, service levels, environmental and social characteristics - each with a published weighting.
The criteria and their weightings must be in the notice or documents. A tender that hides how it will be scored is procedurally defective - and a bidder who ignores published weightings is voluntarily blind.
Read the formula, then bid to it
The weightings are only half the story; the scoring formulas decide what a point costs. Two examples every bidder should learn to model:
- Relative price formulas (e.g. lowest price ÷ your price × max points): your price score depends on the cheapest competitor. A 10% higher price might cost only a few points - which three strong quality answers can recover. Aggressive pricing matters less than it feels.
- Quality anchors: if quality answers are scored 0/50/100 per criterion in words ("poor / good / excellent"), the gap between "good" and "excellent" on one 15%-weighted criterion can outweigh a 5% price cut. Find the criteria where excellence is achievable for you and concentrate effort there.
Build a one-tab spreadsheet per bid: criteria, weights, formula, your realistic score range, competitors' likely position. Ten minutes of modelling routinely changes the price you should submit.
Abnormally low tenders
Buyers must investigate offers that look implausibly cheap and may reject them - they are required to reject bids that are cheap because of non-compliance with environmental, social or labour law. If your low price is genuine (a technical advantage, favourable conditions), be ready to explain it with numbers; a documented answer usually survives the check.
After the decision: your right to understand it
Unsuccessful bidders are entitled to the reasons for the decision and the relative advantages of the winning tender, and a standstill period (typically 10-15 days) before signature, during which a flawed award can be challenged. Two habits pay off:
- Always request the debrief. The winning score profile tells you exactly where you lost - price, one weak criterion, a missed formality. That is next bid's to-do list, and over time, your private map of what each buyer values.
- Check the arithmetic. Scoring mistakes happen. Most challenges are not dramatic court cases but polite letters that get a real error corrected.
The one-page takeaway
Exclusion = may you bid at all - keep your ESPD clean. Selection = pass/fail minimums on your company - check them first, borrow capacity if needed, don't over-write them. Award = where the contest happens - extract criteria, weights and formulas into a model, and put your effort where points are cheapest.
Buyers publish the rules of the game in advance. The bidders who win are the ones who actually play by the arithmetic, not the ones with the glossiest prose.
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